铸态高镍奥氏体球墨铸铁稳定化生产

分析了一些主要元素对高镍奥氏体球铁组织和性能的影响,确定了合理的内控化学成分。球化处理采用冲入法,镍镁合金球化剂用量为铁液重量的0.7%~0.9%,球化后高镍奥氏体球铁Mg残留量为0.07%~0.09%。采用硅铁和硅钡孕育剂炉前孕育,孕育剂用量为铁液量的1.0%~1.5%。采用以上工艺方法生产的铸态高镍奥氏体球铁力学性能合格率明显提高。     

AZ31镁合金化学镀镍镀层分析

以H_3PO_4+HNO_3酸洗与NH_4HF_2+H_3PO_4活化为前处理工艺,对AZ31镁合金进行化学镀镍研究。应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)与X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)等方法对化学镀镍层进行形貌、成分分布、相结构以及元素分析。结果表明:化学镀镍层表面平整光亮,镀层为高磷非晶结构。化学镀镍层表面,镍主要以单质镍(26.75%)、NiO(32.96%)以及Ni(OH)_2(40.29%)形式存在,磷主要以单质磷(20.17%)、PO2-4(17.37%)以及PO_4~(3-)(62.46%)形式存在;化学镀镍层内部,镍基本为金属单质镍,磷主要以单质磷(74.11%)以及PO_4(2-)(25.89%)形式存在。     

Experimental investigation and life prediction of hot corrosion pre‐exposure on low‐cycle fatigue of a directionally solidified nickel‐base superalloy

Low‐cycle fatigue tests were conducted on the directionally solidified nickel‐base superalloy DZ125 at 850 °C in the unexposed and exposed specimens for 2, 15, 25 and 50 h in hot corrosion environment. The pre‐exposed specimen exhibited a lower life than unexposed specimens. Fatigue cracks in the unexposed specimens are initiated from defects near the surface, while the cracks of exposed specimens preferentially occur on the surface. Hot corrosion damage in fatigue life was found to be associated with the reduction of the bearing area. A novel life prediction methodology based on continuum damage mechanics was proposed to predict the experimentally observed decrease in low‐cycle fatigue life with increasing prior exposure time.     

中国镍资源全球配置研究

中国镍需求快速增长,资源缺口不断扩大,大量进口红土镍矿冶炼镍铁的配置方式受印尼禁矿令影响难以持续.境外镍资源丰富,镍产品多样且普遍过剩,中国应缩减镲铁产能,合理配置国内生产与国外进口比例,原料级产品与消费级产品进口并举,多渠道、多品种的配置镍资源.     

铜钴镍离子对镁合金微弧氧化膜的影响

目的提高镁合金微弧氧化膜的耐蚀性。方法在Na_2SiO_3-NaOH-Na_2B_4O_7组成的电解液体系中,分别加入铜离子、钴离子和镍离子对AZ91D镁合金进行微弧氧化,研究离子种类和组成对膜层性能的影响。采用点滴实验测试膜层的耐蚀性,采用电化学工作站测试膜层的电化学性能,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对微弧氧化膜层的表面形貌和元素组成进行分析。结果电解溶液中加入钴离子、铜离子、镍离子后,镁合金微弧氧化膜的耐腐蚀性能均有提高。其中铜离子的影响最大,加入1.5 g/L的铜离子后,镁合金微弧氧化膜的点滴时间提高了77.3 s,膜层耐腐蚀性能显著提高。电化学测试结果得出,不加金属离子的氧化膜的腐蚀电流密度为1.092×10~(-5) A/cm~2,腐蚀电位为-1.487 V;加入钴、铜、镍离子浓度分别为2、1.5、3 mol/L时,腐蚀电流密度分别为3.912×10~(-6)、6.027×10~(-6)、2.167×10~(-6) A/cm~2,腐蚀电位分别为-1.412、-0.832、-1.047 V;加入金属离子制得的微弧氧化膜的腐蚀电流密度均降低了1个数量级,腐蚀电位不同程度地正移,其中加入铜离子后腐蚀电位提高了0.655 V。加入金属离子后,陶瓷膜表面空隙和孔洞数量不同程度地变浅和减少,增加了膜层的致密性和均匀性。结论电解液中添加一定量的铜、钴、镍离子均能够提高AZ91D镁合金微弧氧化膜层的耐蚀性,其中铜离子的效果最明显。     

镁合金浸锌前处理对化学镀镍层的影响

目的优化出镁合金浸锌前处理的处理液络合剂及工艺条件。方法研究镁合金浸锌前处理处理液的络合剂,确定出适用的络合剂,并在最佳络合剂的条件下,研究前处理液pH值和温度的变化对化学镀镍层的影响。采用电化学测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对化学镀镍层进行耐蚀性评价,并对其微观形貌进行表征,确定出最佳络合剂和工艺条件。结果通过对镀镍层厚度的测量及SEM微观形貌观测,确定最优的前处理液络合剂为苹果酸。在该条件下确定最佳的工艺条件为:pH=10,温度80℃。所制得的化学镀镍层的自腐蚀电位为-0.6 V,与镁合金基体的腐蚀电位-1.47 V相比,提高了0.87 V,腐蚀电流密度由镁合金基体的1.26×10~(-4) A/cm~2下降到1.26×10~(-6) A/cm~2,自腐蚀电流密度降低了2个数量级。镀层的钝化区间在-0.6~0.2 V,且结合力好,外形美观。结论镁合金浸锌前处理处理液的最佳络合剂为苹果酸,最佳工艺条件为pH=10、温度80℃。     

ABS塑料化学镀镍激光无钯活化工艺

化学镀是ABS塑料表面金属化最常用的方法之一,但在施镀前需要使用钯等贵金属对基体进行活化,使其具有催化活性。以NiSO_4与NaH_2PO_2混合配制活化液,涂覆于塑料基体表面,常温放置8~10min后,基体表面形成一层活化层;用激光均匀扫描基体表面,活化层在激光作用下反应生成活性Ni微粒使基体活化,再进行化学镀镍。采用正交试验优化激光活化各参数,通过扫描电镜对各阶段基体表面形貌进行表征,利用能谱和X衍射对活化及施镀后的基体表面成分进行分析,采用高低温冲击法检测镀层结合性。结果表明,当NiSO_4与NaH_2PO_2浓度分别为10g/L和40 g/L,光斑直径为1mm,扫描速率为5 mm/s,涂覆次数为2次时,镀覆效果最好;基体活化后,表面附着一层均匀的平均直径为30nm的活性Ni微粒催化核心;施镀后,镀层均匀致密,结合性较好。     

基于划刻实验的单晶锗材料去除机理研究

采用Cube压头对单晶锗进行变载与恒载纳米划刻实验, 利用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜对已加工表面进行观测, 根据表面形貌将划刻过程分为延性域、脆塑转变域及脆性域三种, 对各个阶段的表面成型及材料去除方式进行了研究。使用最小二乘法对不同阶段划刻力进行非线性拟合, 并利用相关系数检验拟合函数可靠性, 结果表明划刻力与划刻深度存在强相关性。同时分析了单晶锗的弹性回复率随划刻距离的变化趋势, 结果表明工件的弹性回复率将从纯弹性阶段的1逐步回落至0.76左右。基于脆塑转变临界载荷, 以裂纹萌生位置作为脆塑转变标志, 首次结合工件已加工表面弹性回复, 提出一种适用于计算单晶锗的脆塑转变临界深度模型, 其脆塑转变临界深度为489 nm。     

He+离子辐照Inconel 718合金表面形貌改变及机理研究

研究了3种不同剂量He⁺离子辐照后Inconel 718合金的形貌变化规律及其形成机理。结果表明，He⁺离子辐照会在合金表面形成纳米多孔结构，其孔径会随辐照剂量的增加而增大。此外，He⁺离子辐照还会破坏合金表面δ相并导致碳化物的持续溅射损耗，且这一现象会随着辐照剂量的增加而愈发严重。由于辐照过程中氦泡间微观应力σ n作用会引起毗邻材料断裂及氦泡合并长大，且辐照溅射作用又会导致氦泡上层薄膜的损耗甚至破裂，因而这也是He⁺离子辐照Inconel 718合金表面纳米多孔结构的形成机制。     

‘Nickel Allergy’ arising from decorative nickel plated and alloyed articles: prevention at source

This work builds on papers published in Transactions during 2015 and 2018 reporting research into low-cost commercial methods for the prevention of nickel release from decorative nickel plated articles, rendering them suitable for placement on the European market in accordance with the requirements of REACH. ‘Nickel Allergy’ sometimes occurs when nickel-containing articles are in direct and prolonged contact with the skin, leading to corrosion of elemental nickel by sweat, liberating sufficient nickel ions to be absorbed through the skin and initiate an allergenic effect. The EU ‘Nickel Restrictions’ impose limits on the amount of nickel released from articles intended for use in this application, but permits a non-nickel surface coating that can ensure the rate of nickel release does not exceed 0.5?µg?cm^?2 week^?1 after 2 years of normal use. The official tests for coated items are simulated wear and corrosion under EN 12472 followed by determination of nickel release under EN 1811. Earlier work concluded that suitable barrier coatings over bright electrodeposited nickel are regular chromium deposited from a hexavalent electrolyte, microporous trivalent chromium from a chloride electrolyte and UV cured PU electrophoretic coatings. Further tests reported here focused on nickel release from examples of wearable articles such as costume jewellery and watch cases. A typical flash coating of gold over bright nickel is thin and porous and being more noble, causes the rate of nickel release to be accelerated; but this can be prevented by an intermediate barrier coating of electrodeposited palladium. To round out the relevance of this study on wearable articles, nickel release tests were also conducted on nickel-containing Grades 304 (UNS S30400) and 316 (UNS S31600) austenitic stainless steels, plus a typical gold alloy containing nickel. All passed the nickel release tests satisfactorily.